Applying Ethical Practice Essay Example for Free

Applying honest Practice EssayEthical ImplicationsThe ethical principles involved in the article reviewed are beneficence (bring some positive good) faithfulness (trustworthy), and veracity (honesty) The nurse involved is caught between the core principles of nursing, by following the patients wish of not informing her parents by the diagnoses of a sexually transmitted disease. The implications of betraying the core principles of nursing could vitrine internal conflict with her entertain principles, and not to mention the trust of the patient. Other implications could be how the parents view the patient. Strict religious convictions of the parents could cause more harm to the young puerile by shunning the child, and not letting the child return home would keep the child from receiving the interference needed, and possibly create a homeless situation for the teen. Making the take aware of the girls situation would in any case be time out of confidentially, and whitethorn even cause legal complications for the health care facility. The situation with the sex parties is not related to school activities, unless sex parties were occurring on campus. Due to the fact that the nurse informed the school the young teen get downs suicide, and again may pay back legal complications for the nurse and the health care facility. All of these implications can be seen in the article reviewed.Ethical Theories and Ethical PrincipalsWhen it comes to veracity and fidelity the profession of nursing is considered to be at the top of the list. (Honesty/Ethics in Professions, 2013) The Nightingale Pledge calls nurses to have and use these value principles on a daily basis in nursing and also in every day life. According to the write in code of Ethics for Nurses provision 3 3.2 the nurse has the duty to maintain confidentiality of all information. Maintaining these principles also promotes Nonmaleficence (do no harm). According Jean Watsons carative factors (Lachman, 201 2) developing and sustaining a helping-trusting, authentic caring relationship is at the very core of nursing. Building this relationship with the patient the nurse must be self aware of anyjudgmental feelings he/she may have regarding the patient situation.(Lachman, 2012) The nurse needs to decide what is the best way to care for the young teen. If confidentially is broken further treatment by the patient may not be sought after. Respecting the patient also means respecting confidentially. We must gain the patients fidelity and maintain the trust for continuing communication to occur. However in the article reviewed after the nurse discovers the young teens diagnoses she is torn between the trusting relationship she has been developing and the principle of beneficence by informing her parents of the diagnoses of cervical cancer. She also has the information regarding her sexual activates. Again this violates the confidentially needed to maintain the trusting relationship or benefic ence. If the trust is not broken the young teen bequeath not seek treatment and further harm will be done.AlternativesAlternatives to this situation would lead to probable breach of several core nursing values, fidelity and veracity. It would also breach Nonmaleficence. However the young teen is a minor and the diagnoses of cervical cancer is a diagnosis that needs treatment requiring parents consent. The alternative of keeping the young teens confidence, would result in the patient not receiving the care she needs. Which would be a breach of Nonmaleficence. It would also be a breach fidelity and veracity between the physician and the nurse. The alternative to not informing the school of the sex parties would have a much better outcome, the suicide attempt most likely would not have occurred, and the health care facility would not be looking at probable legal proceedings. Maybe changing the language and leaving out the young teens name would have been a much better alternative.Eth ics Committee ApproachesA breach of confidentially should never be taken lightly. The disclosure of he information to the school and the resulting attempted suicide may be of bigger concern to the health care facility, preferably than the breach of confidentially between the nurse and the young teen since she is a minor, and the breach of confidentially will bring about the care the young teen needs. The committee could raise the question about the physicians judgmentand his decision to notify the school.ReferencesHonesty/Ethics in Professions. (2013). Retrieved from http//www.gallup.com/poll/1654/honesty-ethics-professions.aspx Lachman, V. D. (2012). Applying the Ethics of Nursing to Your Nursing Practice. MEDSURG NURSING, 21(2), 112-117. Retrieved from www.ana.org Nathanson, P. G. (2011, July, 6). Betraying intrust or Providing Good Care? When is it okay to break confidentially? American Journal of Bioethics. Purtilo, R. B., Doherty, R. F. (2011). Ethical Dimensions in the Heal th Professions (5th ed.). St. Louis, MO Saunders. American Nurses Association (ANA). (2001). Code of ethics for nurses with interpretive statements. Silver Spring, MD Author.

Summative assessment Essay Example for Free

Summative judgment EssayTHE TAQA AWARDCANDIDATE SUPPORT DOCUMENT Candidate take in Assessor Name Vocational Mentors Name Start Date Introduction to document This document has been developed to assist you to develop your skills and companionship to be commensurate to operate as an effective Assessor. The completion of this document will provide knowledge for education prohibitedcomes in order to complete a multi-choice test for building block 1 see to iting the Principles and Practices of Assessment. In your introduction to the award you will deem been provided with a variety of information including. The role of the Assessor Guidance on opinion of disparate types of tell Guidance on thearrangement for judging The Centres appeals and complaints policy The Centres Quality Assurance Policy These documents and other information provided during your training should assist you in the completion of this document. Introduction to Qualifications and Credit Frame throw QCF Qu alifications and Credit Frame regulate (QCF) is a unitised qualification framework underpinned by a system of credit accumulation and transfer.The QCF is de signaled to in allow apprentices to achieve credit for individual units or qualifications, providing disciples with the opportunity to accumulatecredit at their own pace and use it to claim for a qualification when they atomic number 18 piddle. The Assessment Process Assessment is the process of collecting evidence of performance and knowledge and making judgements on Whether the evidence meets the required standard Whether on that point is sufficient evidence to justify a military position determination. The valuement is concerned with whether the scene has collected and presented sufficient evidence to demonstrate that they nonify carry dis retain work to the agreed standard and possess the knowledge and understanding which underpins their practice.If the evidence is sufficient then(prenominal) the tin earth-cl osetdidate is judged to be competent in the specific land of practice. If the evidence is insufficient then the judgement is that competence is non yet demonstrated. Candidates should be afforded every opportunity to demonstrate their competence but it should be declargon that virtually candidates may, irrespective of their assistance and work opportunities obtainable, find themselves unable to demonstrate competence.The judicial decision system should be Transp bent in that the perspicacity procedures atomic number 18 open(a) and easily unsoundedby the candidate and that the evidence is explicitly presented and assessed and attackible and open for verification purposes. legitimate in that the types of evidence used for legal opinion argon producely able to demonstrate competence, and where appropriate knowledge. However it should be borne in mind that knowledge does not in itself demonstrate competence, and Reliable in requiring different tax tax assessors to gain uniform judgements based on the same evidence.Evidence is classified into performance evidence, which refers to competence which the candidate has individualizedlydemonstrated and knowledge evidence which refers to what the candidate knows. The terms primary evidence and supporting evidence for any criteria, will normally be in the form of note performance or assessment of a work product e. g. reports, records etc. Supporting evidence is used to support primary sources of evidence and is particularly important where there is a uncertainness as to the sufficiency of the primary evidence.The evidence for the core competences in any element is comm solitary(prenominal) fully supported by using evidence from contemplation, work products and a thoughtful account.Naturally occurring evidence is that which arises out of the candidates normal work activity and is considered to be the most useful type of evidence as it allows assessment of the candidates day to day competence without d isruption to normal work activity. It is therefore likely to be a cost effective way of collecting evidence. ravish answer the questions below- 1. Understand the Principles and Requirements of Assessment Explain the functions of assessment in learning and development Assessment is used to sterilise if learning and development is taking manoeuver with regard to specific criteria.The criteria are usually set by the awarding body for each qualification the apprentice is taking. The purpose of assessment in learning is to determine the scholars level of competence by using a range of different methods. Based on the findings of the assessment and the evidence gathered during the assessment, decisions can then be made by comparing the evidence against the qualification standards. This will determine if the assimilators Competence, Knowledge Understanding of the national, and Skills required to carry out required tasks are of a sufficient level to meet the laid down criteria.Assessme nt should be used to focus on improving and 1 / 10 reinforcing learning. It can help a savant understand how they are progressing and what they may need to do to improve their knowledge and progress further. ?Initial Assessment Review of go on? Assessment Planning ?Decision Feedback? Assessment Activity ? Initial assessment ascertaining whether a learner has any previous knowledge or experience of the subject or topic to be assessed. Assessment intendning agreeing suitable types and methods of assessment with each learner and setting tar furbish ups.Assessment activity this relates to the methodsused for example observation or reflective account. Assessment decision and feedback making and judgement of success or otherwise. Giving constructive feedback. Review of progress reviewing progress, assessment activities, targets/plans Define the pick out concepts and principles of assessment Concepts are the aspects occupyd throughout the assessment process. They include Accountabili ty being accountable to my learners, my organisation and the awarding body to ensure an I am is carrying out my role correctly, Achievement the funding that an organisation receives is related to a learners achievement.It is useful for me to keep a record of my learners achievement Assessment strategies following strategies in a specific subject will ensure roles are carried out correctly and working toward assessor qualifications Benchmarking involves comparing what is the accepted standard against the current position of our own learners performance Evaluation the assessment cycle should be evaluated on an on-going basis and feedback obtained from learners, passenger cars and assessors Internally or externally devised assessment methods internal assessments would be devised by myself such as projects, questions or written assignments.External are assessments produced by the awarding body Progression progression of a learner should be interpreted into account when Im assessing lea rners ie career progression. Progression should always be discussed with the learner Transparency to aid transparency I need to ensure that everyone involved in the process clearly understands what is expected of them Types of assessment includes initial, formative and summative as well as diagnostic tests which ascertain a learners current knowledge mention principles of assessment include Communication should take place on a regular basis with learners, internal qualityassurers and employers.CPD maintaining currency of knowledge and skills Equality Diversity assessment activities embrace equality, inclusion body and diversity Ethics assessment process should be honest, moral confidential and integral Fairness cookery, decisions and feedback should be justifiable Health recourse this should be taken into account throughout the assessment process indigence encouraging and supporting learners Quality assurance ensuring assessment decisions meet standards Record keeping accurate records should be maintained Responsibility followingorganisational guidelines and making objective decisions SMART assessment activities should be specific, measurable, achievable, realistic and timely.Standardisation that all assessors are making comparable and consistent decisions Explain the responsibilities of the assessor By following the concepts and principles of assessment will ensure an assessor is performing the role according to all relevant regulations and requirements. The role of the assessor is to assess the learners knowledge and performance. This includes, Assess learners work and evidence againstspecifications. Ensuring work is authentic Make decisions and give feedback Provide support appropriate to learners.(Adapting teaching, learning and assessment activities dissolve whether the learner has demonstrated competence. Apply equal opportunities Ensure that their assessment practice meets QCF guidance. Keep up to date with training on assessment. Prove they can a ssess effectively Standardise judgements and practice with others Follow organisational and regulatory authorities procedures Identify the regulations and requirements relevant to assessment in own areaof practice Health and Safety at work Act (to ensure the health, safety and welfare of persons at work).I involve to be aware of risks involving activities in the assessing of my subject. I need to keep going learners knowledge of fire exits, first aiders and any relevant points concerning the area we are working in. Health and safety issues should be acted upon Equality and Diversity requires me not to secernate against any learners on the grounds of race, gender or disability. I must provide a learning environment where every learner is treated sensibly and equally, promoting inclusion usingvarious resources.Promoting equality and valuing diversity means allowing every individual 2 / 10 regardless of age, race, gender, disability, and culture or religion access to learning and a ctively removing barriers that would prevent certain learners from gaining a learning experience. At the start of the lesson I would identify experience inwardly the subject with a skills scan. entropy protection Act states that I must safeguard personal information at all times, holding only the relevant information and only allowing authorize persons access to these details.SoVA is ensuring I keepyoung people and vulnerable adults are safe. Recognising the signs of possible abuse and dealing with the locating in a sensitive and tranquilize manner. A vulnerable adults is defined as a person aged 18 years or over, who is in receipt of or may be in the community care services by reason of mental or other disability, age or illness and who is or may be unable to take care of him or herself, or unable to protect him or herself against significant harm or exploitation (Bonnerjea 2009).Code of Practice, as an assessor I must adhere to the principles, processes, practices, responsibi lities andquality assurance as documented by my organisation assuring all learners receive the best possible learning experience.A criminal background cheque is typically conducted by law enforcement or employers to verify your criminal history. A full criminal background check will list every arrest, charge, conviction and acquittal you have ever had. Criminal background checks are primarily used by law enforcement and the courts to determine an individuals criminal history for charging or sentencing purposes. Recently, employers, landlords and other organizations have begun usingthem to ensure they are not hiring or housing dishonest or violent criminals.My role, responsibilities and boundaries as an assessor within the terms of the teacher/training cycle can be split into 5 areas Identifying the take of the learner this is the first step within the teacher/training cycle and can alike be known as the initial assessment. During this initial assessment it would be my indebtedne ss to identify their needs this could be achieved by obtaining knowledge from the learner by completing a skills scan and by speaking personally to them.The information gathered wouldenable me to plan a lesson around the individual or group taking into account abilities, disabilities or special requirements. Apply ground rules, these could include the respecting of others within the group, not to pink their opinions but to understand the reason behind the idea. I believe this would promote equality and diversity within the group. This will also promote appropriate conduct and respect for others. Planning and de signing Now that I am aware of the learners needs I can progress to the next step of planning and designing.thither are many areas to address beforeplanning starts. This ranges from the time, location, access, resources, risk assessments and health and safety. Different learning styles VAK must also be considered and the variety of resources available to me. I must also be a ware of the core standards and work to a criteria and the learners must be conscious of time constraints ensuring the plan is completed on time. urge As an assessor I must ensure the environment is suitable and the learner has every opportunity to learn, understand and be supported and that my aims and objectives are clear and can be met.Feedbackfrom the learners is important to ensure I am on the right track and that the session is being carried out correctly. I can oblige the session accordingly to ensure all learners receive the correct learning incorporating inclusion. It is my responsibility to maintain a safe and supportive learning environment for the learner to enable the best from the individual. This will ensure the learner is comfortable with me and their surroundings to be able to meet their needs and the criteria. Assess During the session I have to constantly monitor understanding, participation and assess progress.The assessment phase of the teacher/learning cycle li sts continuous progress and review. I must give feedback regularly and it must be kept positive and constructive. All records must be kept relating to the individual, these include test results, reviews, attention, initial assessments and feedback. The boundaries are that I must only assess what is relevant and valid, always allowing the learner to demonstrate their knowledge and understanding without interference from me or outside sources not involved in the assessment. Evaluate It is my responsibility to evaluate how the session went.With feedback it should be kept confidential as it usually contains personal views and information. There may also be a requirement to get other parties involved to promote the learners learning. It is my responsibility to ensure the session meets the needs of the learner and the 3 / 10 criteria. Understand different types of assessment method correspond the strengths and limitations of a range of assessment methods with reference to the needs of i ndividual learners. Performance evidence provides proof of what a candidate can do. Sometimes, performance evidence can also provide evidence of what a candidate knows.Method of assessment How and when this method could be usedEvaluation of methods (include reference to the needs of particular learnersStrengthslimitations Workplace observation ? During the learners day to day bank line role/taskGives a better overview of how the learner performs and how they can tag the criteria holistically. Observations are natural and reliableLearner can be called outside(a) to do something not related to the criteria. Can be simulated. Learner may feel nervous of on edge during observation Examining products of work Once an assignment has been set for learner to gather informationneeded.This will emphasise what the learner understands about the criteria and it is product evidence that can be used and referenced within the learners portfolio. Reliable as these are naturally occurring Some lear ners may not be able to gather product evidence as they do not use it for their job role. Files may not be accessible due to confidentially Simulations and skills tests To ensure the learner has the relevant skills needed to meet the criteria. Simulate a situation to cover criteria. Skills tests will high light what strengths the learner has and what can be worked on to meetthe criteria.The learner can also have more than input on how to achieve the units. Aids in covering awkward criteria and can make the learner think about their role in more depth cartridge clip can be a factor if the learner is too busy. If the learner has not completed a skills test before they may be nervous. Its not a real event and therefore could be completely false Projects and assignments To meet criteria of a unit that cannot be assessed by observation. This will show the knowledge the learner has and their ability to complete and understand the project/assignment.Personal life can restrict alearner fr om completing assignments and projects. If they have not understood the criteria they may not cover it completely and need to revisit to complete. Questioning and treatment During an observation or guided discussionTests the learners knowledge and understanding. Prep the learner so they can do some research. Validates reflective accounts and learners knowledge If no prep has taken place the questions and the discussion will not be structured. Some learners do not perform well and they feel pressured. Witness testimony To cover criteria of certain units where a skillstestimony is needed.This is a description from a peer regarding the learner and their competency. This will give an insight about the learner from another colleague or peer on how they complete certain tasks to cover the criteria. Good insurance coverage of evidence when assessor is not there If the context of the WT is not explained an incomplete WT may be written or it can be unreliable. Learner statement/ Reflectio n To check the learners knowledge of certain criteria points and also a scenario they may have encountered that relates to the unit.This will give an honest account fromthe learner regarding a situation they have been involved in and how they dealt with it. Some learners cannot reflect well and do not know how to converse situations onto paper. They can be completely false events boldness study This can be used when the learner has a colleague/student they have worked with on a certain project. It can be a real situation they describe or a scenario set by the tutorThis method can be strong to be able to cover the criteria if the learner writes the case study well. Poorly written will not cover criteria and if the learner cannot convert a situation onto paper well it can hold stress to the learner.RPL Recognition of Prior Learning is a method of assessment by which learners can gain recognition for Knowledge, understanding, skills and competences that they al engagey possess. If a learner has evidence from another qualification or experience they have already completed it can be used to support the criteria on the new qualification. Theres no repeating in assessments and is time effectiveIf evidence cannot be found or it is out of date it cannot be used. This can mean that the learner will take longstanding to complete the qualification and will need to do more work if RPL was planned to be used.Needs backing up with questioning as attendance doesnt necessarily mean understanding Understand how to plan assessment Summarise key factors to consider when planning assessment Evaluate the benefits of using a holistic approach to assessment Explain how to plan a holistic approach to assessment The 4 / 10 key factors to consider when planning assessment are Assessment type and method Dates, times and duration of assessment activities Individual learner and qualifications/employment level Location and environment Requirements for making decisions and giving feedbac k Resources and materials. special(prenominal) requirements/learner needs Staff availability Type of evidence required I must consider how the criteria will be met i. e. observation guided discussion or personal statement. I would plan the time needed for the assessment chosen to make sure enough is captured and the assessment process recorded. A holistic approach to assessment allows me to see the process as a whole and in some cases can cover so much of the units that cross referencing can be achieved. I will need to take into account the learners previous experience and if they can provide evidence relating to the experience.This can all be considered if a holistic approach is carried out. This can be gathered and provided at the next planned meeting. Sometimes an observation can take place straight away as long as the key factors have been considered. If not I would plan for the next visit so the learner is aware and they can also make arrangements so I can observe holistically relating to the units and criteria. There are times when meetings and an assessment process have been scheduled but cannot be carried out because of an unplanned event. I would discuss a different approach with the learner to ensure the criteria can be covered.Within my job role I have to take into account the needs of the learner and what is the best process to cover the unit. Some of my leaners do not feel comfortable paper so in this instance I would use a guided discussion. There are some learners that do not feel comfortable talking so I would explain the use of a personal statement/reflective writing and how it can be written. A personal statement/reflective account is a form of self- assessment for the learner. If they understand the unit and how it relates to their job role they will be able to write a detailed personal statement/reflective account about themselves and theirunderstanding.Summarise the types of risk that may be involved in assessment in own area of responsib ility Explain how to play down risks through the planning process 4. 1 Explain the importance of involving the learner and others in the assessment process With all assessment processes there are some risks involved and these need to be taken into consideration. I will always ensure I am not stopping the learner from completing their duties and that the assessment can take place. Health and Safety is very important as I may need PPE in some areas of the assessment. This should be asked and verified when the planning is discussed.Lone working is another factor to consider. There are also risks relating to the learner work itself. Every learner has to sign their own work to corroborate it, but there is always a risk that the work that has been completed is false. This relates to breach of quality assurance principles (VARCS) Practical assessment and 1st hand observation helps reduce the issues of plagiarism of false misrepresentation.Open questioning and rationales of duties roles a nd responsibilities, help promote confirmation of validity, as would a greater understanding of the candidates style of work otherwise risks may include Learnersnot turning up for their appointment Learners not being competent in their job role Learners not being ready for assessment.Others involved may need notice of assessment ie managers and service users Costs involved in travelling if appointment are not decent planned To minimise these risks it may be possible to Send the learner a reminder message Complete a skills scan prior to sign up Email managers to keep them up to date with assessment appointment Ensure all parties agree and sign a plan.4 Understand how to involve learner and others in assessment 4. 1 Explain theimportance of involving the learner and others in the assessment process 4. 3 Explain how peer and self-assessment can be used effectively to promote learner involvement and personal responsibility in the assessment of learning HYPERLINK http//search. babylon. com/imageres. phpiuhttp//maslowa cademy. com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/pyramidwithoutkidswords. pngirhttp//maslowacademy. com/ighttp//t3. gstatic. com/imagesqtbnANd9GcQ6HZvvyF2O6VKf87r3uHageOCfEYIN4_9gJ4Vcqhtr 5jttnPc1x47ykaxth1886w2457qmaslowbabsrcHP_ss_din2g Abraham Maslow developed the Hierarchy of Needs model in 1940-50s USA, and the Hierarchy of Needs theory breathes valid todayfor understanding human motivation, management training, and personal development. Indeed, Maslows ideas surrounding the Hierarchy of Needs concerning the responsibility of employers to 5 / 10 provide a workplace environment that encourages and enables employees to fulfil their own unique potential (self-actualization) are today more relevant than ever. Abraham Maslows book Motivation and Personality, published in 1954 (second edition 1970) introduced the Hierarchy of Needs, and Maslow extended his ideas in other work, notably his later book Toward A Psychology Of Being, asignificant and relevant co mmentary, which has been revised in recent times by Richard Lowry, who is in his own right a leading academic in the field of motivational psychology.Involving the learner and others is very important when discussing and planning an assessment. This will give the learner chance to give their input into how they can cover the criteria and also what evidence they can total to supplement their knowledge and training they have already had. Encouraging the learner to reflect on, and correlate previous experiences or qualifications will aid the assessment process. reflective writing not only aids improvement, but promotes learner inclusion in their own learning. Reflective accounts throughout the course are a ripe example of this. By involving others i. e. learners manager or peer they can be used to provide a WT (witness testimony) relating to the learners everyday tasks and duties. This is ideal as the manager has a good insight into the learner and can give a very detailed account th at is role related. This is also known as peer assessment and the learner will need to explain and work with their manager to ensure the managerunderstands the nature of the WT and how it relates to the qualification.4. 2 Summarise types of information that should be made available to learners and others involved in the assessment process 4. 4 Explain how assessment arrangements can be adapted to meet the needs of individual learners The learner elicitation guide is given to every learner. This contains a short explanation of the following Introductions Learning and training plan Visits to the workplace Assessments and the process Training Responsibilities of the learner, assessor, training provider and awarding bodyHealth and safety Equal opportunities Data protection Roles of IQAs and EQAs Internet safety guidance Examples of reflective writing and witness testimonies Complaints and appeals procedure.The complaints and appeals procedure is discussed with the learner at induction and revisited a number of times throughout the learner journey Visual is the providing of reading material for the learner to take away and research. I provide each learner with a list of resources at induction. Auditory is the explanation of how the unit can be covered and by what means to cover the criteria.This will also give the learner a chance to have input into the method and assessment. Question and answer will enable me to get a better feel of the learners knowledge and understanding of the course. Most of my learners are different and not all will use the same learning technique or gain the same understanding if only one technique is used. I will always have resources with me and I will discuss this with the learner to infer what is the best method for them to meet their learning needs. Some learners will learn better on a computer and feel more confident writing an essay on a computer.Others need more visual stimulation so I will use easy read handouts and links to websi tes. I will always make the learner feel involved in the learning process rather than tell them what to do, this will make them feel more in control of the situation and can sometimes make the task more enjoyable if they can put their own spin on it. Understand how to make assessment decisions Explain how to judge whether evidence is Explain how to ensure assessment decisions are Sufficient enough evidence as specified in evidence requirements and/or assessment strategy Authentic Being the candidates own work.Current evidence that the learner possesses the skills and knowledge being claimed Made against specific criteria Valid selecting and using an appropriate method of assessment in relation to the skills and or knowledge being assessed Reliable assessors achieving a constant approach to the way they make judgements and learner evidence Fair ensuring candidates are assessed consistently and objectively to the standards Factors which could influence a judgement or decision.Appeals ensure organisational procedures are followed and records are kept Complaints remain objective and do not let complaints influencefuture decisions Consistency remaining unbiased towards learners Methods of assessment using appropriate and alternative methods Plagiarism copied work the others or producing work that does not belong to them Pressure feeling of pressure to pass learners due to time, funding etc Type of 6 / 10 assessment assessment needs to be fair and ethical VARCS valid, authentic, reliable, current, sufficient When gathering evidence from the learner I must make sure it is correct and relates to the specific criteria of the units. I would judge the type of evidence submitted is sufficient by comparing it against the standards.For instance if a personal statement is submitted I would sit down with the evidence and read thoroughly marking off the criteria as I read, this will ensure the information is valid. I would make sure the learner authenticates the evidence by s igning and asking a manager to read, clarify and sign also. By asking for a managers signature it also ensures the evidence is current, reliable and relates to the learners job role. The assessment decision needs to be fair for all learners and feedback given regularly to the learner. This will ensure inclusion for the learner and equality and diversity is followed.Another method of checking authenticity can be to ask the learner questions relevant to the work completed. It can sometimes happen that a learner will get another subdivision of staff to do the work for them. This will ensure the work is their own and they understand it. You can also use another colleague or the manager of the company to authenticate the work. I can speak to the person named as the peer to ask if they can authenticate the work and get them to sign a separate sheet of paper. 6. Understand Quality Assurance of the assessment process 6. 1 Evaluate the importance of quality assurance in the assessment proce ss. 6.2 Summarise quality assurance and standardisation procedures in own area of practice. Quality assessment is part of the quality management process. Quality management processes are intrinsic to a quality management system. A quality management system may consist of policies and protocols to ensure that a service or handling is optimally delivered and will incorporate indicators to demonstrate whether such success is being achieved, in the early, mid and end stages of an intervention or programme. Such indicators need to be reported and fed back in to the loop of assessors and IQAs so that quality improvements can be made continually.These are fed back to assessors through personal one to one meetings with their line manager and standardisation meetings. Standardisation meetings are carried out regularly to ensure the assessment and IQA requirements are interpreted accurately and that all assessors and IQAs are making comparable and consistent decisions. Aspects which can be s tandardised are Assessment activities looking at safety, fairness, validity and reliability.Creating a bank of assessment materials assignments, multiple choice questions How are wen resources are used How learner evidence meets requirements How assessors interpret the assessment procedureand standards and how they make decisions The way that assessment plans and feedback records are completed The way learner reviews are carried out Updating assessment and IQA documentation.Internal quality assurance (IQA) relates to the monitoring of the learner journey throughout their award, this is to accord with internal and external organisations requirements to ensure the quality of assessment for all learners. All assessment decisions will be carried out by a qualified assessor in their own subject area and sampled by IQAs.

African American Film Stereotypes

African American Film StereotypesThe dreary American factors have suffer along away within the icon effort in a myriad of perspectives. This is exemplified by the present huge number of opprobrious actors in Hollywood, the modern influential roles they play and change surface more essential the modern idea they present in relation to the stereotypicalal roles of the past century. A far bid from what it used to be in the previous(predicate) and mid twentieth century with every(prenominal) film roles assigned to this crowd having attached racial prejudice. During the periods between the 1900 and 1970, many a(prenominal) pitch- sours were given subordinate and subservient roles. The theatrical image, Black face continued to be the conventional depiction of unappeasable actors within the film industry, with many of them such(prenominal)(prenominal) as Dewey Markham adopting the image as integral to their act (Padgett, 2011). Actors of this term were given roles of ser vants, often of the lowest levels, such as janitors, house helps, doormans, cooks, gardeners and cleaners among others. Such roles could not be compargond to the more privileged roles assigned to their fresh counterparts, mainly visualised as their employers and bosses a sort of carried forward scholarship of the slave and master in a newer dimension. Roles of servitude clearly brought out the perception of the inexorable society and encourage aided its projection within the American society through the depiction industry and TV programs (Bogle, 2001). The scenario gradually took a round of drinks towards a rather positive outlook towards the late mid-seventies into the 21st century. Much of the strength in these early racial stereotypes has dissipated, but their still exist vestiges of these within the impression industry, perpetuating incorrect attributes about the African Americans.Treatment of the African American actors between 1900 and 1970Early era 1900 to 1950sAct ors and actresses from the dumb American community within this period faced many challenges within the picture industry. In the early part of the century, role slipisation sour wad were vie, not by black actors but rather by nameless gabardine actors after painting their faces dark black (Bogle, 2001). This tradition, usually referred to as black face, was carried over to the silent films from the stage shows and theatrical plays of the preceding century. Together with this theatrical image came the racial stereotypical of the African Americans as comprehend within the American society a white rule society whose views were the angiotensin converting enzymes making all the influence in the films. Racial discrimination and how it was deeply engross within the fabrics of the American society at the epoch, is seen as the major cause of their employs. Black actors were treated with low regard and given roles that had little impact on the main plots at many times. Many of t he talented black actors were ignored, vilified or even utterly dismissed from flick production houses at the start of the 20th century (Higginbotham, 2001). The few who joined the industry had little chance of making any great impact as their white colleagues. Such roles were assigned only(prenominal) to serve the purpose of depicting the black race within the society. Comedians and jesters peculiarly in the 1920s to the 1940s were roles allocated to black funny men such as Bert Williams, Willie Best and Billie Robinson Bonjangles , albeit with a touch of docility or meekness. Taking a critical look at all roles, gives a portrayal of their community with a racial perspective.Turner classic movies produced mainly between the 1920s and the 1950s illustrate the stereotypical black roles of domestic workers and servants working for their white employers. Some of the roles represent images of laugh at and shameful aspects viewed as part of the black culture and general personalitie s. a detrimental attitude towards work is one perception about black nation projected by some roles, notably by the roles contend by Stepin Fetchit. Although the actor grew wealthy with his roles describing him as the laziest being on earth, they further advanced these unoccupied and lethargic attributes to the African Americans (Padgett, 2011). Combining the negative attitudes towards work and the white community, in sum to their problematic environment and personalities, are clear racial stereotypes borrowed from the blackface image (Padgett, 2011). world given supporting roles of lesser impact on the films was also reflected by the lack of destines won by these actors. Consideration for awarding nominations to excellent black actors was force field to racial prejudice and attitudes. Some really deserving cases were not chosen for the same reasons. The reality of their situation was compounded by the fact that all movie productions were dominated and managed by the white, forcing any talented black performer to conform to the directions of the movies and the script. Without the presence of the changes that took place in the 1960s, after the rise of black civil rights movements, fencesitter black owned production houses and companies were not feasible and as result, it meant a a take it or leave it situation for these actors. Having to make a exit forced them to accept these roles, in spite the wrong generalizations they portrayed. The late Bill Bojangles is one actor, who was called the quintessential Tom, with his many roles mirroring the servile and submissive black janitor or porter in many of his roles (Padgett, 2011). In real life, the actor the sort of man who could demand to be served (at times exposing his pearl handled revolver) when refused any service at all white luncheons. Many of the actors accepted roles that did not portray their real personalities as individuals or the black people as a whole.The 1960s to late 1970sThe scenario gra dually took another turn for the better towards the late 1950s and 1960s. Changes were brought about by with the introduction of gifted and influential actresses and actors particularly Dorothy Dandridge and Sidney Poitier. Production of films like a member of the weeding , where Ethel Waters played a crucial role of alleviating the black image, and Raisin in the sun, greatly enhanced a growing positive view of the black performers in Hollywood in general and their community in particular. The legendary Sidney Poitier is much credited for his roles in Patch of blue, Guess whos coming to dinner, Lilies of the filed, and Slender screw thread that advanced a more dynamic and handsome picture of the black actor. His strong and huge presence within the films embodied the ideal perfect actor unequaled by none across the racial divides in his time a feat that can be understated. Transformations were positively impacted on by new breed of actors including Harley Berry and Denzel Washingt on with increased opportunities being extended to black movie artists especially towards the 21st century.Roles and their actors and actressesA majority of the roles extended to black performers were by nature subservient and subordinate to their white counterparts (Zeisler, 2008). These actors had to play roles portraying submission to their bosses and employers. Main roles as pointed out by Bogle included the mammies, mulattoes, toms, coons and bucks (Bogle, 2001). All these negative roles grew out of the background of racial prejudice with the intention of stressing negro inferiority (Bogle, 2001). As a matter of fact, these roles were not directed at creating any reproach to the black people. They only reproduced and reflected black stereotypes that had existed since the days of slavery, and which had been subsequently made commonplace by other forms of art including literature, music and theater (Bogle, 2001).The TomsBlack roles referred to as Tom, derived from the 1903 perf ormance picture uncle Toms cabin, depicted the black actor as the submissive servant obedient to his master. They painted a stereotype of the black character as internal to his white employer from an avuncular disposition. These roles extended perceptions of the relationship between the slave and his master, from an era preceding the movie industry. Labeling of the black community from the tom roles reflects the contemporary racial view prevalent particularly in the years between the 1900 to the 1920s. The toms were socially accepted good negro characters, as pointed out by Donald Bogle, who are perpetually harassed, hounded, flogged, insulted, enslaved or chased. In spite of the ill treatment, the toms keep their faith and do not turn against their white massas (Bogle, 2001). They instead remain hearty, stoic, selfless and submissive to their white boss. Bert Williams is among the archetypical black actors who played these roles, as the use of blackface diminished, with actor Ja mes Lowe typifying the role in the 1927s Uncle Toms Cabin (Bogle, 2001). Movie plot depicted the toms as generous, kindhearted and amiable towards their masters, even in times and situations that presented them with sparedom from servitude. For example, in the 1911 film, For massas sake, a former slave is so attached to his erstwhile master even to the point of interchange himself back into the atrocious state of slavery, in order to help his master through a difficult period of financial problems. Obedience to the domineering place presented through the white employers, as was seen in the slavery era, was the type casted solution to the black problems. Rather than rebel or demand a greater send of rights, they were admonished to accept their lower position in the society with love and a sense of responsibility to their masters and mistresses as long as they lived.The CoonsThe coons were presented as simpletons and cockeyed by nature with an exaggerated sense of self but innate ly coward. Presenting the blackamoor as some form of amusement objects, with a buffoonish attitude, these roles jibe to Bogle came in two variations or types the uncle Remus and the pickaninny (Bogle, 2001). The pickaninny portrayed the black child as harmless, with funny antics of eyes al more or less popping and the hair stand on end with a little bit of excitement. Diverting attention and creating some pleasant comical effects was the main purpose of this particular role, albeit with a lot of exaggerations and amplification of their naivety. Children actors such as Allen Clayton Ho throw togethers popularly known as Farina playing a character from Uncle Toms Cabin, and Billie Thomas as Buckwheat in the Our work party little rascals, typified this coon roles in the 1920s and 1930s. From these little coons, developed the most outright and blatantly abase of all the black stereotypes the unreliable and extremely superfluous and good for cypher people who took no responsibilit y with their actions. These black roles gave the impression that the African Americans were an indolent race who would rather steal form their white masters, especially food items from the farm, rather than work for anything in their lives. sitting down and idling time away, chatting in a distorted form of English as they lodge for opportunities to steal from others, especially the hapless toms, was a typical portrayal of these characters in the movies of the early 20th century. The Rastus series are an exemplary in representing the black Negro males as a basic thief when given the chance without any regard to moral reflection. Black actor, Stepin Fetchit (1902- 1985), carried out this role to greater heights, in movie characters that showcased the African American as very lazy with intense averseness towards any form of work. These were really degrading racial stereotypes.Uncle Remus, related to the tom as a first cousin, is revealed as congenial and harmless, with the tendency to comically philosophize about everything around him, with particular reference to the general position and plight of the Negro community. With his wide mirth, this coon character role, show cases a predisposition of the African American towards accepting the situation of servitude he finds himself in.The Tragic MulattoThe feminine black roles were no unlike in illustrating the underlying racial stereotypes adopted as the main view points towards the African American at the time. The mulatto roles depicted tragic lives of the bi-racial women, ruined and disadvantaged by their possession of the black blood. They were not given strong sexual or feminine attributes (Zeisler, 2008). In their futile attempts to be regarded as white rather than colored, this group faces prejudice from both sides of the racial line. Black males also existed but their tendency to stick more to their black community diminishes their significance, leaving the female characters in illustrating the plight of the mixed individuals. The lives of these females are shown to the audience in sympathetic light, hampered and derailed as a result of their divided racial inheritance (Bogle, 2001).The MammyThe mammy is another of the female black stereotypes related to the coon characters and degraded to their level by association. Distinguished by her gender, the mammy is described to the viewer usually as big and fat, with an contentious and difficult nature. She displays the black family matriarch as bad tempered and fiercely independent. Some of the Tom and Jerry cartoon episodes depict the cats owner as a black mammy who does not tolerate the cats antics throwing him out after provocation. Hattie McDaniel played the mammy role in the movie Gone with the wind, eventually landing her an academy award the first for an African American. Despite their tough stand, mammies are also depicted as soft hearted, sweet, jolly and kind to others (Zeisler, 2008).The Brutal Black BuckThe abide of the male roles is described by the irrational and rather shortsighted buck, who in many instances showcases hypersexual tendencies. The brutal black buck is clearly depicted by D. W. Griffiths the alliance of a nation released in 1915 (Bogle, 2001). It brought out a depiction of the Negroes as being lustful and arrogant in an idiotic way. Exposed as savages and brutes without much regard to rational approach to issues, with all actions revealing more uncivilized attributes, this role mostly came up against a white hero who emerges triumphant in the conflicts. Painting the black Negroes as psychopaths, with strong tendencies of revealing beastly characteristics, through these characters, exemplifies the wrong racial stereotypical views attached to the black individuals and community as a whole.Impact of the black stereotypesAll these racially projected stereotypes were not representative of the Negroes separately as individuals or collectively as a community. Black actors basically took th ese roles within the movies but did not ascribe to them as part of the black behavior, attitudes or nature. Many of these black actors openly rebelled against these stereotypes painted by their roles in popular movie and TV programs (Bogle, 2001). Black attributes alluded to only served to degrade the Negro image to a point of humiliation, pointing out to their presumed lower capability and intelligence which in turn justified their lower position within the American society. Impact of these stereotypes painted a social divide along racial lines with implications of huge differences between the white and black races. Admired black performers of the 1980s, including comedians Eddie Murphy and Richard Pryor, found it hard to shake away these lingering stereotypes in their roles. Having majorly created such images within its audience and the industry at large, meant some vestiges of these characters continued on, especially the glamorized coon roles (Bogle, 2001). Most comic roles were assigned to black actors in this era, albeit with sharp street wise skills and intelligent demeanors, far from the imbecile coons depicted in the 1940s movies. Female roles slowly adopted significant positions in movie plotlines with a modern depiction of sexual appeal glaringly missing from early movies.Glamorized CharactersCriticism from own cultureDuring the late 18th century, white had immersed themselves into blackness depicting violence and men conceptualized African men as having a vigorous sexuality. By then, blackness was the way to go which brought rise to blackface. Even whites started wearing black masks to depict their blackness. Unfortunately, this was not the true representation of the black culture. It is then justified that the black community of the African Americans taking issues with their fellows who made their way into the movie industry and took roles which showed negatively the black culture. Apparently, it was quite difficult for black actors and actresse s to refuse a role offered to them since they were still struggling for recognition in the movie industry. This means that they were always at loggerheads with people from their African American communities for glowering their standards.As early as 1906, George Walker of the Williams and Walker Minstrel duo had criticized black actors in an essay where he commented that they wrongly portrayed the black community in their roles by using makeup that exaggerated their darkness, usually by painting their lips luminous red. He comments in the essay, Negroes on the American stage that nothing is more absurd than to see a colored man making himself look ridiculous in order to portray himself (Crum, 2010).The argument is that the caricatures in which the black actors played on the screens asserted the superiority of whiteness and were therefore responsible for escalating the discrimination of the black Americans. Some actors like Williams and walker, enlightened at how the caricature prese nted their race, move out of blackface to begin their own minstrel where they distanced themselves from the caricatures. Unfortunately, most of the black actors, due to the financial gains they got from the roles they played, failed to notice this and thus maintained the status of the white seniority (Crum, 2010).Sydney PortierThe movie industry by them was selective of the roles to be given to black actors as much as it was hard for any black actor to gain borrowing to the theatres. One black actor who had to struggle this much was none other than Sydney Portier, who went ahead to become the first African American to win the Grammys in 1963. It goes without apothegm that this did not come easily to Portier. The roles allocated to him were usually demeaning as compared to white actors. Although he received the most advanced roles for a black actor at the time, he was criticized by his fellow African Americans that his roles did not display the causes of the real problems affectin g the black community. Note that in his films, he had roles that were of upper class and master copy status which were only held by white. It therefore was viewed by the black community as unacceptable as the roles were so far removed from the majority of the blacks. They argued that, Portier is equal, if not superior to any of his white antagonists, who are forced to recognize his abilities and to purge themselves of their own racism. It was viewed as a misrepresentation of the people and their plight (Ricrob, 2009).Dorothy DandridgeAnother locomote star in the black community was Dorothy Dandridge who was also a musician and therefore played more in musicals. The roles she had on the screen were viewed to be stereotypic by the black community who thought that she had aligned herself too much to the white community and was therefore not a good representation of the black community. This fact rose because she doubled up as a musician who constantly entertained at exclusively white s clubs (Mills, 1999).Mulatto actressesTragic mulattos were the leading roles for black female actresses. These were the roles in which many African Americans were afforded which afforded them the status of sex objects. This was not a true representation of the African Americans and therefore they usually took to tasks the females like Dorothy Dandridge who played these roles that were demeaning to the culture. It is also important to know that African Americans also prided in having women like Dandridge because they addressed the plight of the blacks. Contradicting? Well, the movies production rights belonged to the whites and the blacks only played the roles offered to them (Pilgrim, 2000).The mulattos were women born of white fathers and black slaves and therefore were beautiful. Although all black women slaves were vulnerable to rape, the black mulattos were more susceptible because of their radiant beauty and white skin which was appealing. Apparently, the white men viewed the black skin as insult. Such roles played by black actresses depicted mulattos as seductive and were therefore viewed by whites as party to concubinage and other sexual abuse, putting women in the black community at harms way. However, it was in some way responsible for bridging the gap which existed that denied legitimate sexual relationship between men and women of diverse races (Pilgrim, 2000).Dorothy was the most successful tragic mulatto in the theatres being the first ever black charwoman to be held romantically in a movie by a white man in the film Carmen Jones (Pilgrim, 2000). Dorothy Dandridge suffered nervous breakdown since just like in her movies on the tragic mulatto, she was like one in real life with a life of broken marriages. In this context, according to Spike Lee, was a failure of understanding exactly the grounds they stood on. When Spike, who introduced romantic coal black movies, released a romantic movie, he gave a leading role to a black girl which was crit icized greatly by other black Americans who argued that the sexual expressions that were displayed by Nola in the movie Shes gotta have it was unbecoming and unrepresentative of the African American culture as it presented black women as being natural sexually blowsy (Abrams, 2008).Blaxploitation and womanismBlaxploitation began as a result of the black power movement of the 1960s which was expected to depict a community that had illuminated with civil rights and wanted to free African Americans from political and social exploitation. It accredited to the movie song sweetback by Melvin Van Peebles. What the movie writer and director did not know is that his movie, instead of showing African Americans as free and liberated had opened a new way in which they would be exploited. There was great success in the movie and therefore other movie directors and producers, seeing that the black community would support anything that had a black cast, rushed to cash in on this. Soon many movie productions like shaft were released. This movie mostly focused on sex and violence (Lawrence, 2008). Note that this films showed black heroes working in white dominated localities and was therefore popular to black audience since it helped them escape from reality.Additionally, there was a need for desegregation in the United States after the cold war and therefore filmmakers were focusing on hiring black actors to feature in anti racism movies which were to be good for both white and black audience. Note that most of the blaxploitation movies depicted blacks as sexually promiscuous and generally irresponsible, showing the daily life in the ghettos where most blacks lived. And although they were produced with black cast, advertised as black, with both script and concept, they were white dominated with the writers, directors and producers all being white and there were not producing the movies for the message they wished to deliver but to cash in on the audience. This and the fact that they only portrayed the blacks with violence, drugs and sex, were some of the contributors of the decline of the blaxploitation movies (Bigley, 2003).Womanism also started at the same time that blaxploitation started and was to show the womanhood of the African American movies. With roles in movies like Cleopatra Jones, women were now playing heroine movies. The most important aspects of womanism was to portray a bond of love, whether physically or sexually, between black women. Apparently, the black women had been oppressed by sexism and racism and this is what womanism was yearning to address. Development of womanism further escalated blaxploitation where the theme was used in the movies to use the sexuality of a liberated black woman. It is important, however, to note that there is a great difference between feminism and womanism. Although they are related, womanism is rooted to the time of slavery and tragic mulattos while feminism is based on sexism and feminism. These we re used as themes in the womanist movies like in the character of mammy (Pattilo, 2009).Although the way women were viewed in historically has not changed much, even after the emergence of womanism, they were still viewed as sex objects and things to lust after. In the end, however, they started acquire appoint roles, acting heroines and gaining lead roles (Gates Higginbotham, 2004). In as much as this has been the development in the movie industry and the rise of chicks with guns like Angelina Jolly in Lara Croft, they are still viewed as sex objects even though they are currently independent. Initially, they were given the roles of damsels in distress (Starlet, 2007).From Uncle Tom to co-starringInitially, when the blacks came into the movie industry, their roles were actually not played by blacks. Rather they were being played by white in blackfaces. Uncle Toms cabin was the first movie in which a black role played in a movie. Tom was always harassed, flogged, exploited and ge nerally made fun of in the movies. This role was almost always what African Americans received in early cinemas so that they greatly exaggerated the inferiority of the blacks and the superiority of the whites. As can be see, no leading roles were given to African Americans until the beginning of the blaxploitation (Bogle, 2001). cod to the great criticism that the black community had for uncle tom, buffoon and mammy roles and subsequent of some split in blackface by other enlightened actors like William and walker, movie producers started giving roles for assistant starring and sometimes leading roles to black Americans but this was realized completely during blaxploitation (Bogle, 2001).Effects of racism and stereotype to the movie industryStereotyping in the movie industry was experienced in the allocation of roles to actors. African Americans had roles that showed the naivety of African Americans. Furthermore, those roles depicted them as being unintelligent, lazy and violence pr one. In addition to this, it portrayed all beautiful women as unintelligent and high gearly sexually promiscuous. In this respect, it promoted further exploitation of the black community and strengthened the negative perception of the African Americans by the whites. Although it brought a lot of resources to the movie industry, stereotyping led to the collapse of the once popular subgenres like the blaxploitation movies (Bogle, 2001).Racism and stereotypes in the movie industry always have a direct influence on the society and these values are inscribed in the minds of many. Most of the movies in the earlier times during the time of blaxploitation portrayed blacks as the most violent people, usually had whites being the victims of some black actor. As a result, society tended to carry this image with them and usually people would be scared when there was a black man in the bus or in the vicinity because they were thought to be either robbers, murderers and even rapists (Gates Higg inbotham, 2004). On the other hand, all movies showed uncle toms personality in these movies. This made it look like all blacks are lazy and unintelligent. The reflection therefore of film is at one time reverted in the community and governs how people of a certain race are to live. How can it be explained that the first person to die in a movie will most probably be a black? The villain is the criminal? When it is a leading role the case will be different. nevertheless this villain will be very intelligent as compared to the black villain (Bogle, 2001).ConclusionThe life of the film industry in America has been as turbulent for African Americans like everything else. The industry which has initially been run by white Americans always wanted to show the superiority of the whites against the African Americans. Looking at the roles that were traditionally given to black actors and actresses including Uncle Tom, buffoon, mammy and Uncle Harvey, the depiction is that African Americans were highly ignorant and unintelligent. As for mammy, it depicts negatively the role of African American matriarchs. Stereotypes and racism was high in the movie industry.The African American woman has not been spared in the stereotype and prejudice that existed in the movie industry. Roles offered to black actresses depicted the black woman as irresponsible and sexually promiscuous. In fact, this was not limited to the African American woman. Most movies during the blaxploitation were filled with sex, violence, vulgarism and most ultimately unintelligence. Apparently, the movies, those made by black directors such as Melvin Peebles were meant to expose the plight of the African Americans although they ended having negative effects on the culture of the African Americans. This led to criticism from African Americans who argued that the actors were not representing the culture of African Americans who included Dorothy Dandridge and Sidney Portier.Ultimately, after the blaxploitation , the film industry started changing although it still was stereotypic and racist in nature. However, now black actors started getting lead and supporting roles in the films and even some professional roles that were played by Sidney which include a doctor in Guess Who Is Coming to dinner party and some detective roles. Note that these were held only by whites. It was a great move for showing the blacks as intelligent on screenplay for the first time. However, the roles of women were still stereotypes with roles such as the tragic mulatto. Sex is still a stereotype that women are still viewed with although they now have independent roles with the development of chicks with guns. The movie industry is one that continues to bring different feeling but although today there is not much stereotypes and racial prejudice, there is still some element.

GIS in Asset and Utility Monitoring Management

GIS in Asset and Utility Monitoring ManagementCHAPTER IIREVIEW OF LITERATUREA detailed literature survey pertaining to the application of GIS in Asset and Utility Monitoring, Management is presented in this chapter.GIS combines location entropy with both quantitative and qualitative information about the location, letting you visualize, analyze, and report information done maps and charts. Using the technology, we can answer questions, conduct what-if scenarios, and visualize results. GIS is often first identified as a ashes to manage infra twist assets and natural resources removed of buildings, but this is only part of the story. Buildings, campuses, military bases, and industrial plants, to name a few, also have geography and can be mapped. It is easier to analyze and manage instalment and asset data stored in GIS, making objective, construction, and maintenance to a greater extent efficient and profitable.(ESRI 2010)Ajwaliya and Patel (2014) has done Design and Development of GIS Based Utility Management System viewing 39 acre residential area of staff quarters, DOS housing colony, Vikramnagar, Space Applications Centre (SAC). They identified that GIS can be used in many ship canal to improve the planning, maintenance and management standards. Developed GIS model has been designed to manage utilities for vikramnagar residential colony. Strength of GIS is integrating data and preparing it for analysis or modeling isolated from tying together data from various sources makes it an important tool for the planning and decision making. User can display legend of all layers displayed on the Map.P.Smith et. al. (2005) genuine Electrical Distribution Model during his research on Electrical Distribution Modeling An Integration of Engineering Analysis and Geographic Information Systems found that the consolidation of GIS and office staff system analysis efforts provides added functionality to the management of utility systems. As competition increases and a s information technologies advance, a utilitys data becomes more and more valuable as a corporate resource. As a result, sharing information becomes very important to the efficiency of an organization. Though his research a modest integration, he highlights the ability of GIS to initiate full integration of electric automobile utility information. The technique of integration and the role of GIS within the envelope of the entire information system can take many forms.Blachut et al. (1979) remarked that, The availability of detailed and up-to-date cartographic representations of underground utility lines (as water supply, sewage system, electrical grid, bollocks up network, district change network, telecommunications and wiring network, oil pipelines) is very useful for network facility management, both for private companies and for local administrations.References from Books Blachut, T.J., Chrzanowski A. Saastamoinen J.H. 1979. Urban Surveying and Mapping 221-234. Springer-Verla g, New York (USA).Metje et al. (2007) noted that To find oneself a sufficiently accurate and complete representation of the underground, a dedicated and extended survey is required. Non-invasive surveying can be performed with traditional topographic methods or by GPS positioning, by measuring the positions of the surface elements of the networks, like manholes, catch basins, transformers, hydrants, exchange boxes, etc., and subsequently inferring the presence and the approximate planar location of the buried lines. Another opening is the GPR (Ground Penetrating Radar) technique.References from Journals Metje, N., Atkins, P.R., Brennan, M.J., Chapman, D.N., Lim, H.M., Machell, J., Muggleton, J.M., Pennock, S.R., Ratcliffe, J., Redfern, M.A., Rogers, C.D.F., Saul, A.J., Shan, Q., Swingler, S.G. Thomas, A.M. 2007. Mapping the Underworld. State of the Art Review. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology 22(5-6) 568-586.N.cazzaniga et al. (2012) implemented a geographical DB for th e storage of data of underground structures and infrastructures. The structure of the DB has been designed based on an approach oriented to the study of the whole process of designing and laying refreshed elements of a utility line. The results were amenable with the requirements of Italian national regulations. This approach sanctions a good traceability of all collected and archived data, giving the possibility to reconstruct the complete processing chain from the preliminary design of the utility lines to their laying.The Fort Pierce Utilities Authority (FPUA) migrated some of its electric CAD operations into GIS and maintains a dual CAD and GIS system. FPUA serve more than 24,000 electric, 15,000 water, 12,000 wastewater, and 4,700 natural gas customers in Fort Pierce and portions of St. Lucie County, Florida. With the GIS in place, FPUA is working to bring the natural gas and theatrical role-optic telecommunication service databases into the GIS as well as to desegregate th em with the water service and wastewater collection GIS.(ESRI 2005)The city of Painesville, Ohios utility services include water, electric, storm water, and sewer services. The city has set up a system for government regulation compliance by using GIS. The windfall of meeting the government requirement is that Painesvilles GIS also supports asset management for electric operations, system maintenance and capital improvement planning.(ESRI 2005)Reliable digital data acquisition, robustness, and ease of use were the requirements stipulated by Swisscom AG when it set out to acquire new GNSS instruments to determine the positions of telecommunication infrastructure in the companys country wide fixed-line network. The first requirement was for the measuring sys- tem to provide veritable digital data acquisition to allow data transfer to be extensively automated. Furthermore, the system had to be robust, easy to transport, and able to be used by staff who had no detailed acquaintance of surveying. The new satellite- supported surveying system Leica Viva GNSS fulfilled all these requirements in addition to the GNSS and communications technology, the client was also impressed by the systems pertly designed, easy to use software, Leica SmartWorx Viva.(Schnichels n.d.)In the past few years the State of Qatar, a peninsula on the Arabian Gulf, has experienced extensive infrastructure development. More than twenty dollar bill years ago the results of a user needs assessment carried out by the government clearly indicated an enormous need for a fully interconnected nationwide GIS. The government then established the Centre for GIS (CGIS) as a department of the Ministry of Municipality Urban Planning. It is based in the capital Doha and became the official interpret agency of the State of Qatar. Since the end of October 2009, many public and private survey and mapping communities have been benefiting from a nationwide Continuously Operating Reference invest (CORS) n etwork.(Saal 2009)Mary Howard (2014), County GIS Manager has quoted we have found excellent return on investment for staffing time during collections as well as the importance of having a reliable end-product. while collecting data in heavily wooded terrain using Trimble and Floodlight technology. for project consisting of installing a broadband 220 miles of buried fiber stock and 5 wireless relay towers. According to County GIS Manager Mary Howard, a fiber mapping crew used an underground-line-locating device to detect the buried fiber and mark its location. Then a GIS technician recorded the location using the handheld GeoXH unit running Esri ArcPad with Trimble GPSCorrect data collection software.(Mary Howard 2014)Jamil et al. (2012) has tried to evaluate main number one wood in utility mapping, utility agencies, land surveyors and the land surveying profession to meet the demand and challenges in executing the underground utility mapping in Malaysia. JUPEM has developed a nati onal underground utility database called PADU to act as a repository of reliable and accurate underground utility data comprising power and telecommunication cables, gas, water and sewerage pipes provided by the utility agencies in a systematic GIS approach. The data submitted by the various utility agencies are subjected to various checks and hitch processes before they are accepted into PADU. However, these checks reveal data of low quality, inaccurate and insufficient to be used as a reference for excavation works. Issues pertaining to data quality, lack of skill and knowledge and the requirement of legislation on underground utility mapping are some of the challenges faced with regards to underground utility mapping in Malaysia. Various initiatives are now being undertaken to overcome these challenges.1

Hagia Sophia: Architecture Description

Hagia Sophia Architecture DescriptionBasilicas were used for commerce, as public meeting places and for courts of law. The Hagia Sophia was build as the Byzantine Emperor, Justinians personal imperial church. It was built in the hopes of competing with the temple of Solomon in Jerusalem. The Forum was built from a vast stoa-lined piazza measuring 660 by 390 feet (200x120m) with exedrae on two sides. The main entrance to the forum is on the grey side, a triumphal arch surmounted by a statue of Trajan in a six-horse chariot. The Basilica Ulpia lies at the north end of the piazza, which was cobbled with rectangular blocks of white stain and decorated by a large equestrian statue of Trajan. On either side of the piazza be markets, also housed by the exedrae. Justinians basilica was at once the culminating architectural achievement of late antiquity and the first masterpiece of Byzantine architecture. Its influence, both architecturally and liturgically, was widespread and enduring in the Eastern Orthodox, Roman Catholic, and Islamic worlds alike. The largest columns are of granite, about 19 or 20 meters high and at least 1.5 meters in diameter the largest weigh well over 70 heaps apiece. Under Justinians orders, eight Corinthian columns were disassembled from Baalbek, Lebanon and shipped to Constantinople for the construction of Hagia Sophia. The vast inside(prenominal) has a complex coordinate.The nave is covered by a central dome which has a upper limit diameter of 31.24meters (102ft6in) and a height from floor level of 55.6meters (182ft5in), about one fourth smaller and greater, respectively, than the dome of the Pantheon. The dome seems rendered weightless by the unbroken arcade of 40 arched windows under it, which help flood the colorful interior with light. Due to consecutive repairs in the course of its history, the dome has lost its perfect eyeshade base and has become somewhat elliptical with a diameter varying between 31.24m (102ft6in) and 30. 86m (101ft3in). The dome is carried on pendentives four concave triangular sections of masonry which solve the difficulty of setting the circular base of a dome on a rectangular base.15 At Hagia Sophia the weight of the dome passes through the pendentives to four massive piers at the corners. Between them the dome seems to float upon four great arches. These were reinforced with buttresses during Ottoman times, under the guidance of the architect Mimar Sinan.At the western (entrance) and eastern (liturgical) ends, the arched openings are extended by half domes carried on smaller semi-domed exedras. Thus a hierarchy of dome-headed elements builds up to create a vast oblong interior vest by the main dome, a sequence unexampled in antiquity. Despite all these measures, the weight of the dome remained a problem, which was solved by adding buttresses from the outside. All interior surfaces are sheathed with polychrome marbles, green and white with purple porphyry and gold mosaics, enc rusted upon the brick. This sheathing camouflaged the large pillars, giving them, at the same(p) time, a brighter aspect. On the exterior, simple stuccoed walls reveal the clarity of massed vaults and domes. The yellow and red color of the exterior was added by the architect Fossati during the restorations in the 19th century. Looking at the plan of Trajans Basilica, there seems to be good balance and symmetry in the design. The plan shows that the structure was huge, holding thousands of people if needed. The Hagia Sophia, while a large construction in its right, to me still looks smaller and less grand because of its closed dome. Trajans basilica was open, giving it an even more open and expanse feeling. Hagia Sophia is also very parallel in design. In both cases, these structures were fully functional as community meeting places or religious places of worship. They reflected the wealth and power of their emperors who commissioned their construction. Each structure is huge and la rger than life in their design the Hagia Sophia was adorned with gold and beautiful mosaics on its interior walls while the Trajans Forum was large, open and had several statues and monuments built inside to honor Trajan.Wikipedia contributors. Trajans Forum. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 9 Apr. 2010. Web. 10 May. 2010.Wikipedia contributors. Hagia Sophia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 6 May. 2010. Web. 10 May. 2010.

Growth Impairment of the Fetal Nervous System by Nicotinic Stimulation

Growth Impairment of the Fetal Nervous System by Nicotinic StimulationThe resources on this special(prenominal) topic were minute. In fact, only two articles were obtained Therefore due to the lack of compiling information, all of the following text should be attributed to the sources listed The maternal utilization of tobacco substances during pregnancy gives rise to outgrowth retardation and an array of neurobehavior defects in the offspring. Although concurrent image of the fetus to hypoxia and ischemia are major contributors to the nurtureal effects of ingest in man, or of injected nicotine in animals, recent studies using slow infusions of nicotine strongly suggest that nicotine affects fetal and neonatal development. Due to the action of nicotine via neurotransmitter receptors in the nervous system) the aesthesia of the developing brain is displayed in the disruption of cellular development and blunting of neural activity in central and peripheral catecholaminergic system s (Navarro et al, p894). Many of the developmental abnormalities seen with prenatal nicotine exposure resemble those obtained through enhancement of cholinergic neuronal activity through dietary manipulations. Endogenous cholinergic input has been shown to control cellular development in cerebral cortex, the same region found to be highly sensitive to perturbations caused by nicotine or by high dietary choline. Thus, the effects of nicotine may stage the simulation of a natural developmental signal, but at an inappropriate time. A current study examines the potential interaction of prenatal nicotine exposure with the development of cholinergic neurotransmitter systems in different brain regions (Navarro et al p894). The experimentation o... ...aring course of action, wherein damage to a developing fetus by malnutrition, drugs and toxic chemicals has less of an growth impairment on the nervous system than the rest of the fetus (Navarro et. al., p191) Works Cited Navarro, H.A., Seid ler, F.J., Schwartz, R-D., Maker, E.E., Dobbins, S-S, and Slotkin, T.A. Prenatal Exposure to Nicotine Impairs Nervous System Development at a drug Which Does Not Affect Viability or Growth. Brain Research Bulletin, Vol. 23, pp. 137-192, 1989. Navarro, H-A., Seidler, F.J., Eylersk, J-P., Baker, F.E., Dobbins, S.S., Lappi, S.E., and Slotkin, T.A. Effects of Prenatal Nicotine Exposure on Development of Central and Peripheral cholinergic Neurotransmitter Systems. Evidence for Cholinergic Trophic Influences in Developing Brain. The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Vol. 251. No.3, pp. 894-399, 1989.

Jack’s Transformation in Jack and the Beanstalk Essay -- Jack and the

asshole and the Beanstalk bastards Transformation jack up and the Beanstalk is an example of a Buildungsroman. As the tale progresses, Jack evolves from an immature person into a mature, self-assertive person. While minor differences exist in various versions of the tale, such as those between Joseph Jacobs and Horace Elisha Scudders versions, the tale can perpetually be read as Jacks quest for due date. Some critics, however, analyze the tale as one in which Jack remains spoiled and immature. While they absorb points which support their claims, careful analysis of the tale will reveal that Jacks struggle to grow up and to achieve maturity is representative of the difficult process of puerile (especially male) maturation and the process of adolescent socialization. Some critics, as previously stated, maintain that Jack does not mature or learn any lesson during the tale. For example, Nell B. Byers writes that Jack is a fellow who makes what would not be thought of as a prudent investment who is not above trickery in outwitting the giants wife who steals the giants treasures and who, having killed the giant, lives with his mother gayly ever afterward in affluence (26). Byers statement would lead one to believe that Jack does not change very much. Granted, a literal interpret of most versions of the tale supports Byers statements. Jack appears to be an immature, spoiled brat, or worse. Yet, a deeper reading is required to fully understand the tales meaning. Another critic, William Mayne, comments on Jacks lack of maturity and morality in Joseph Jacobs version of Jack and the Beanstalk. In this version, Mayne claims that Jack went up to another land where he had no right to be, and set o... ...Works Cited Bettelheim, Bruno. The expenditure of Enchantment The Meaning and Importance of Fairy Tales. New York Alfred A. Knopf, 1977. Byers, Nell B. Porridge For Goldilocks. Education Digest March 1949 25-26. Jacobs, Joseph. English Fairy Tales. 3 rd ed. New York Schocken Books, 1967. Mayne, William ed. Book of Giants. New York E.P. Dutton & Co., Inc., 1968. Scudder, Horace Elisha. Jack and the Beanstalk. The Childrens Hour Folk Stories and Fables. Ed. Eva March Tappen. New York Houghton Mifflin Co., 1907. 23-33. Utley, Francis Lee. Introduction. Once Upon a Time On the Nature of Fairy Tales. By Max Luthi. New York Frederick Ungar Publishing Co., 1970. 14-15. Wolfenstein, Martha. Jack and the Beanstalk An American Version. In Childhood in Contemporary Cultures. Chicago University of Chicago Press, 1955. 243-45.